James
The introduction of the letter itself claims to have been written by James, "a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" (1:1, NIV). It has been suggested that the simplicity of the introduction implies a well-known James, as a newcomer would probably identify himself more fully. The well-known James’ of the early Church were: James the Apostle, son of Zebedee and brother of John; James, another Apostle, the son of Alphaeus; James the father of Judas; and James the brother of Jesus.
It seems that the latter is the most obvious, although doubt is thrown on this by the lack of any reference within the text to a special relationship (i.e., brother) between the author and Jesus. Many scholars at this point also argue that the Letter of James may be pseudonymous, however it seems most likely that the author was James, brother of Jesus. (See Jude for discussion of James as brother of Jesus and authoring the Epistle of James, and James for discussion of James, the brother of Jesus.
Probably in the early or middle 40's, but possibly some time closer to, but before AD 62 (for James the brother of Jesus was martyred about then).
- 1:1 James, a servant of God and Jesus, to the twelve tribes scattered among the nations:
- 1:2-4 It is good to face trials, because trials develop perseverance, which enables you to be mature.
- 1:5-8 If anyone lacks wisdom, they should ask God for it and trust that it will be given.
- 1:9-11 The brother in humble circumstances ought to take pride in his high position, but the one who is rich ought to take pride in his low position.
- 1:12 Blessed is the man who perseveres under trial.
- 1:13-18 God is neither tempted by evil or the one who tempts men. Rather, men are tempted when, by his own evil desire he is dragged away and enticed.
- 1:19-25 Everyone should be quick to listen, slow to speak, and slow to become angry. Therefore get rid of all moral filth and evil, and humbly accept the word. And do not merely listen to the word, but apply it in your life.
- 1:26-27 "If anyone considers himself religious and yet does not keep a tight rein on his tongue, he deceives himself and his religion is worthless". Religion that is pure is to look after those in need.
- 2:1-13 Do not show favouritism or judge on appearances, for has not God chosen those who are poor in the eyes of the world to be rich in faith? Speak and act as those who are going to be judged by the law that gives freedom - but mercy triumphs over judgement.
- 2:14-26 What good is it if a man claims to have faith, but has no deeds to express that faith? As the body without the spirit is dead, so faith without deeds is dead.
- 3:1-12 Not many should presume to be teachers because we who teach will be judged more strictly. We all stumble in many ways. If anyone is never at fault in what he says, he is a perfect man, able to keep his whole body in check. For the tongue is a small part of the body, but it makes great boasts - out of the same mouth come praise and cursing. This should not be.
- 3:13-18 Let him who is wise show it by his good life, by deeds done in the humility that comes from wisdom.
- 4:1-10 Submit yourselves to God. Resist the devil and he will flee from you. Do not seek the things of this world.
- 4:11-12 Do not slander or judge others.
- 4:13-17 Do not assume that you can plan what will happen in your future, as it is up to God. Rather, say: "If it is the Lord's will, I will do this or that..."
- 5:1-6 Now listen you rich people, weep and wail because of the misery that is coming upon you. Your wealth has rotted - you have lived on earth in luxury and self-indulgence.
- 5:7-11 Be patient until the Lord's coming.
- 2:12 Do not swear by anything, but let your "Yes" be yes, and your "No", no.
- 5:13-18 In any and all situations, pray, for the prayer of a righteous man is powerful and effective.
- 5:19-20 "Whoever turns a sinner from the error of his way will save him from death and cover over a multitude of sins."
This epistle is well-known for its seeming anti-Pauline theology: "...a person is justified by what he does and not by faith alone" (2:24). However, it is clear when read in context, that James was arguing against the belief (or similar) that faith and a total disregard for a faithful life was sufficient for salvation through Christ. Rather, James says, "Show me your faith without works and I'll show you my faith by what I do" (2:18).
James' point is that salvation is by faith over and above all else, but true faith will be expressed through actions - how can you say that you believe in God yet totally ignore him, trusting that your belief that the Cross had saving power is enough? You can't. In this way then, a person is justified by what they do, as an expression of their faith.
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